He flew across the Sahara and over the Mediterranean Sea to Sicily with eagles, from Siberia to Iran (5,500 km) with a flock of Siberian cranes, and over Mount Everest with Nepalese eagles. The young birds followed him not only on the ground (as with Lorenz) but also in the air as he took the path of various migratory routes. Then, he taught the fledglings to fly and to hunt. Because birds hatched in captivity have no mentor birds to teach them traditional migratory routes, D'Arrigo hatched chicks under the wing of his glider and they imprinted on him. He used this to reintroduce threatened species of raptors. D'Arrigo noted that the flight of a non-motorised hang-glider is very similar to the flight patterns of migratory birds both use updrafts of hot air (thermal currents) to gain altitude that then permits soaring flight over distance. The Italian hang-glider pilot Angelo d'Arrigo extended this technique. Imprinted Canada geese ( Branta canadensis) and common crane ( Grus grus) flying with an ultralight aircraft The birds were then trained to fly along with a variety of aircraft, primarily ultralights. The birds imprinted on handlers, who wore yellow jackets and honked horns constantly.
KONRAD LORENZ IMPRINTING MOVIE
The filial imprinting of birds was a primary technique used to create the movie Winged Migration ( Le Peuple Migrateur), which contains a great deal of footage of migratory birds in flight. Filial imprinting is not restricted to non-human animals that are able to follow their parents, however. In one notable experiment, they followed a box placed on a model train in circles around the track. Lorenz also found that the geese could imprint on inanimate objects. For example, the goslings would imprint on Lorenz himself (to be more specific, on his wading boots), and he is often depicted being followed by a gaggle of geese who had imprinted on him. Lorenz demonstrated how incubator-hatched geese would imprint on the first suitable moving stimulus they saw within what he called a " critical period" between 13 and 16 hours shortly after hatching. It was rediscovered by the early ethologist Oskar Heinroth, and studied extensively and popularized by his disciple Konrad Lorenz working with greylag geese. It was first reported in domestic chickens, by Sir Thomas More in 1516 as described in his treatise Utopia, 350 years earlier than by the 19th-century amateur biologist Douglas Spalding. It is most obvious in nidifugous birds, which imprint on their parents and then follow them around. I report here that male Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica) mate with slightly unfamiliar females in preference to females to which they were exposed in early life, and that both types of female are preferred to those with a grossly unfamiliar type of plumage.The best-known form of imprinting is filial imprinting, in which a young animal narrows its social preferences to an object (typically a parent) as a result of exposure to that object. The prediction is that the strongest mating preference of a bird should be for something a little different (but not too different) from the object with which it had been imprinted. If birds are able to identify and mate with their own species without prior experience (and seeing or hearing themselves is irrelevant) what is the biological function of sexual imprinting? One possible answer is that sexual imprinting is required for recognition of close kin so that, by selecting mates that are slightly different, the animal is able to strike an optimal balance between inbreeding and outbreeding 4. The implication is that a bird may have a predisposing bias for its own species and sexual imprinting merely refines this bias in natural conditions. Subsequent experimental work 2,3 has, however, suggested that, although early experiences can indeed have long-lasting effects, a bird may also show a preference for members of its own species in the absence of experience with any of them except itself. WHEN Konrad Lorenz showed that early experiences can have a dramatic influence on the mating preferences of birds, he proposed that ‘sexual imprinting’, as the process came to be known in English, enables adults to recognise their own species 1.
0 kommentar(er)
